了解作偽的手法，掌握辨偽的方法，懂得評價的基本原則，是從事書畫鑒定者的基本功，辨偽能力的高低在很大程度上取決于這些基本功是否扎實。

Understanding the methods of faking, mastering the methods of distinguishing fakes, and understanding the basic principles of evaluation are the basic skills of those engaged in calligraphy and painting identification. The level of the ability to distinguish fakes largely depends on whether these basic skills are solid.

書畫作偽的主要手法

The main means of faking calligraphy and painting

書畫作偽已有多年的歷史，歷代作偽者的手法頗為繁復，不過歸納起來看，主要有以下數種，下面山東收購名人字畫人員就分別談談這些問題。

The forgery of calligraphy and painting has a history of many years, and the methods of the forgers of the past dynasties are quite complicated. However, in summary, there are mainly the following several kinds. The following are the issues that Shandong will discuss separately when purchasing celebrity calligraphy and painting personnel.

(1)完全做假

(1) Completely fake

這是指書畫本身及名款、印章、題跋等全由作偽者自做的一種作偽方式。此類偽作又可分摹、臨、仿、造四種形式。

This refers to a way of counterfeiting in which the calligraphy and painting itself, famous money, seals, inscriptions and postscripts are all made by the counterfeiters themselves. This kind of forgery can be divided into four forms: copy, copy, imitation and imitation.

“摹”是指依照原作影寫摹拓。摹法書的方法大體有三種：其一，將較透明的紙蒙在真跡之上，以淡墨細線據映現的字跡勾出輪廓，然后取下，用墨填成；其二，將紙蒙在真跡上，不勾線而直接用筆摹寫；其三，綜合上述二法，即先勾淡墨線，然后用筆摹寫，此法較廓填易見用筆。

"Copying" refers to copying and developing according to the original work. There are generally three ways to copy the calligraphic script: first, cover the transparent paper on the authentic handwriting, draw the outline with thin lines of light ink according to the reflected handwriting, then take it off and fill it with ink; Second, cover the paper on the authentic work, and directly copy it with a pen without marking the line; Third, combine the two methods above, that is, first draw the light ink line, and then use the pen to copy. This method is easier to fill in the outline and use the pen.

“臨”是指對著原作臨寫。也有人先在稿本上勾摹出大致輪廓，然后將紙絹復其上，對著原作臨寫，此法可稱“半摹半臨”。

"Pro" means to write in front of the original. Some people first draw a rough outline on the manuscript, then copy the paper and silk on it, and then write it against the original work. This method can be called "half copy and half copy".

“仿”是指仿效某書畫家的藝術風格和筆墨技法，進行“自由”寫作。仿本一般無原作為藍本，作偽者多憑自己的想象，或依據某些有關的舊聞和著錄制成。有些雖有原作參照，但僅略取大意，并不照本臨、摹，故也屬仿制。

"Imitation" refers to imitating the artistic style and ink techniques of a calligrapher and painter to "write freely". Generally, there is no original copy as a blueprint. The counterfeiters are usually made by their own imagination or based on some relevant old news and records. Although some of them have reference to the original works, they only take the general idea and do not copy or copy the original works, so they are also imitations.

“造”指不管時代風格和個人風格，憑空臆造。所造對象多是作品罕傳的歷史名人或冷名書畫家，意在無從對證，難辨真偽，易于欺人。此類偽作多半技巧不高，故較易識別。

"Making" refers to making out of nothing, regardless of the style of the times and personal style. The objects are mostly historical celebrities or cold-name calligraphers and painters whose works are rarely handed down. They are intended to be hard to verify, difficult to distinguish true from false, and easy to deceive. Most of these fakes are not highly skilled, so they are easier to identify.

(2)改、添款題

(2) Modification and addition questions

這是利用一些書畫真跡進行改頭換面的一種作偽方式。一般是將無款畫改成有款畫，小名家改成大名家，時代晚的改為時代早的。明清時此類偽作極多，其具體手法無奇不有，不勝枚舉，但大體不外乎改、添、減數種。

This is a way of faking by using some authentic calligraphy and painting to make a new look. Generally, the paintings without money are changed into the paintings with money, the famous artists are changed into the famous ones, and the late ones are changed into the early ones. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many such fakes, and the specific methods were numerous, but they were basically just changes, additions and subtractions.

“改”是常見的作偽手法之一，即通過刮、挖、擦、洗等方法除去近人或小名家書畫作品上的名款、印章，改成古人或大名家的款印。

"Change" is one of the common means of forgery, that is, remove the famous money and seals on the paintings and calligraphies of close people or small celebrities by scraping, digging, wiping, washing and other methods, and change them into the money and seals of ancient people or famous celebrities.

“添”是將無款的書畫作品添上名家的款印；或在后代的冷名畫家名款前加添前代名稱；或在末尾空白和空頁處添上偽款印；或添上偽造的名家題跋等。其目的是為了把時代提前或抬高身價。此外還有加添筆墨、顏色以趨時尚的。

"Tian" is to add the signature of famous artists to the paintings and calligraphy works without money; Or add the name of the previous generation before the name of the famous painter of the later generation; Or add false seal at the blank and blank pages at the end; Or add forged postscript of famous scholars. Its purpose is to advance the era or raise the price. In addition, there are more ink and color to fashion.

“減”是指除去原作者的署款。有些冷名書畫家的作品本幅上有另一大名家的題跋，于是作偽者便將原作者的款題印記一并割去，使人誤以為題跋的名家即是原作者。有的還將“某某人題”的“題”字改成“畫”或“作”字。

"Less" refers to the removal of the original author's signature. Some famous calligraphers and painters have inscriptions and postscripts of another famous artist on their works, so the counterfeiters cut off the original author's inscriptions and imprints together, making people mistakenly think that the famous writer is the original author. Some also changed the word "title" of "someone's title" to "painting" or "making".

上述作偽手法多會留下一定的破綻，如挖、刮、擦、洗必然會使紙絹產生傷痕；補上去的紙絹則氣息較新，且有與原來紙絹不同的光、色；后添的款題不但筆法難與原作一致，而且墨、色也浮而不沉。尤其是原作者與偽托的名家在藝術風格上多不相符。

Most of the above counterfeiting techniques will leave certain flaws, such as digging, scraping, wiping and washing will inevitably cause scars on the paper and silk; The added paper silk has a new flavor, and has different light and color from the original paper silk; The added title is not only difficult to be consistent with the original, but also the ink and color are floating and not heavy. In particular, the original author is not consistent with the famous pseudotrust in artistic style.

(3)拆配、割裂

(3) Disassembly and splitting

這是指拆裂、截割古書畫，將其挪移拼配，重新組合的一種作偽方式。運用此種移花接木之法，可使一件作品變成兩件或三件，也可使殘破的數件合成形式上較完整的一件。其具體手法頗多，或拆下真的題跋配上偽作的書畫；或以偽作的題跋配上真的書畫；或將殘畫上的完好款題移在它畫之上；或將冷名書畫家的真跡與名家的偽作拼湊成套；或移改殘件，拼湊成幅等等。此類偽作常會在整件或整套作品的內在聯系上露出破綻。

This refers to a way of faking by splitting and cutting ancient calligraphy and painting, moving, assembling and reassembling them. By using this method, one work can be turned into two or three pieces, and the broken pieces can also be combined into a more complete one in form. There are many specific techniques, or the real inscription and postscript are removed and the fake calligraphy and painting are added; Or fake inscriptions and postscripts with real paintings and calligraphy; Or move the intact title on the residual painting onto the other painting; Or put together the authentic works of famous calligraphers and painters and the fakes of famous artists; Or remove and change the broken parts, piece them together into pieces, etc. Such fakes often reveal flaws in the internal connection of the whole or the whole set of works.

(4)脫骨、二層

(4) Debone, two layers

絹本古畫上的墨、色常常滲入襯紙，揭開后，在襯紙形跡上施加筆墨，便制成一件與原作形貌頗為相似的復制品，此法稱為“脫骨”。明以來書畫所用的“夾貢”宣紙由數層合成，將書畫作品的背層揭下，依照滲下的墨、色添涂成形，此稱“二層”。舊時常有人利用重新裝核古書畫的機會，采用上述方法作偽。

The ink and color on the ancient silk painting often seep into the backing paper. After uncovering it, apply pen and ink on the form of the backing paper to make a copy that is quite similar to the original shape. This method is called "debone". The "Jiagong" rice paper used in painting and calligraphy since the Ming Dynasty is composed of several layers. The back layer of the painting and calligraphy works is peeled off and formed according to the infiltrated ink and color. This is called "the second layer". In the old days, people often used the opportunity of reloading ancient calligraphy and painting to use the above-mentioned methods to fake.

此外，在歷代的書畫作品中還有一種“代筆”的現象。所謂代筆是指有些書畫家和文人學者，因年老體衰、困于應酬等原因，使他人如學生、朋友、幕僚等代作書畫，而落以本人名款，加蓋。更多相關內容就來我們網站http://www.lebigueone.com了解吧！

In addition, there is a phenomenon of "ghostwriting" in the calligraphic and painting works of the past dynasties. The so-called ghostwriting refers to some calligraphers and painters and scholars who, because of their old age and infirmity, are trapped in social entertainment and other reasons, make other people, such as students, friends, staff, etc., make paintings and calligraphy on behalf of them, but leave them in their own name and stamp them. Come to our website for more relevant content http://www.lebigueone.com Understand!